{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2d124d22-de73-436b-86cd-9b162b469be8",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "2d124d22-de73-436b-86cd-9b162b469be8"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%pip install --upgrade pip\n",
    "\n",
    "# Uninstall conflicting packages\n",
    "%pip uninstall -y langchain-core langchain-openai langchain-experimental langchain-community langchain chromadb beautifulsoup4 python-dotenv PyPDF2 rank_bm25\n",
    "\n",
    "# Install compatible versions of langchain libraries\n",
    "%pip install langchain-core==0.3.6\n",
    "%pip install langchain-openai==0.2.1\n",
    "%pip install langchain-experimental==0.3.2\n",
    "%pip install langchain-community==0.3.1\n",
    "%pip install langchain==0.3.1\n",
    "\n",
    "# Install remaining packages\n",
    "%pip install chromadb==0.5.11\n",
    "%pip install beautifulsoup4==4.12.3\n",
    "%pip install python-dotenv==1.0.1\n",
    "%pip install PyPDF2==3.0.1 -q --user\n",
    "%pip install rank_bm25==0.2.2\n",
    "\n",
    "# Restart the kernel after installation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "f884314f-870c-4bfb-b6c1-a5b4801ec172",
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "executionInfo": {
     "elapsed": 4690,
     "status": "ok",
     "timestamp": 1716948148440,
     "user": {
      "displayName": "",
      "userId": ""
     },
     "user_tz": 240
    },
    "id": "f884314f-870c-4bfb-b6c1-a5b4801ec172",
    "outputId": "76ea9fdd-5ba5-48f7-be31-351b68a76355"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "os.environ['USER_AGENT'] = 'RAGUserAgent'\n",
    "import openai\n",
    "from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings\n",
    "from langchain import hub\n",
    "from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser\n",
    "from langchain_core.runnables import RunnablePassthrough\n",
    "import chromadb\n",
    "from langchain_community.vectorstores import Chroma\n",
    "from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableParallel\n",
    "from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv\n",
    "from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate\n",
    "from PyPDF2 import PdfReader\n",
    "from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter\n",
    "from langchain_core.documents.base import Document\n",
    "from langchain_community.retrievers import BM25Retriever\n",
    "from langchain.retrievers import EnsembleRetriever\n",
    "\n",
    "# new\n",
    "from langchain.load import dumps, loads"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "bd99e171",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#### INDEXING ####"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "eba3468a-d7c2-4a79-8df2-c335542950f2",
   "metadata": {
    "executionInfo": {
     "elapsed": 278,
     "status": "ok",
     "timestamp": 1716948177675,
     "user": {
      "displayName": "",
      "userId": ""
     },
     "user_tz": 240
    },
    "id": "eba3468a-d7c2-4a79-8df2-c335542950f2"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# variables\n",
    "_ = load_dotenv(dotenv_path='env.txt')\n",
    "os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'] = os.getenv('OPENAI_API_KEY')\n",
    "openai.api_key = os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY']\n",
    "llm = ChatOpenAI(model_name=\"gpt-4o-mini\", temperature=0)\n",
    "embedding_function = OpenAIEmbeddings()\n",
    "pdf_path = \"google-2023-environmental-report.pdf\"\n",
    "collection_name = \"google_environmental_report\"\n",
    "str_output_parser = StrOutputParser()\n",
    "user_query = \"What are Google's environmental initiatives?\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "98ccda2c-0f4c-41c5-804d-2227cdf35aa7",
   "metadata": {
    "executionInfo": {
     "elapsed": 10611,
     "status": "ok",
     "timestamp": 1716948215859,
     "user": {
      "displayName": "",
      "userId": ""
     },
     "user_tz": 240
    },
    "id": "98ccda2c-0f4c-41c5-804d-2227cdf35aa7"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# PDF Loader\n",
    "docs = []\n",
    "with open(pdf_path, \"rb\") as pdf_file:\n",
    "    pdf_reader = PdfReader(pdf_file)\n",
    "    pdf_text = \"\".join(page.extract_text() for page in pdf_reader.pages)\n",
    "    docs = [Document(page_content=page) for page in pdf_text.split(\"\\n\\n\")]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "855b6438-6c51-4b25-b799-36fb7b592bf5",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "855b6438-6c51-4b25-b799-36fb7b592bf5"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter\n",
    "recursive_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(\n",
    "    separators=[\"\\n\\n\", \"\\n\", \". \", \" \", \"\"],\n",
    "    chunk_size=1000,\n",
    "    chunk_overlap=200\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "splits = recursive_splitter.split_documents(docs)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "c2d78422-5bd5-427e-9489-c4956dbe8615",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dense_documents = [Document(page_content=doc.page_content, metadata={\"id\": str(i), \"search_source\": \"dense\"}) for i, doc in enumerate(splits)]\n",
    "sparse_documents = [Document(page_content=doc.page_content, metadata={\"id\": str(i), \"search_source\": \"sparse\"}) for i, doc in enumerate(splits)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "6b13568c-d633-464d-8c43-0d55f34cc8c1",
   "metadata": {
    "executionInfo": {
     "elapsed": 4507,
     "status": "ok",
     "timestamp": 1716948724972,
     "user": {
      "displayName": "",
      "userId": ""
     },
     "user_tz": 240
    },
    "id": "6b13568c-d633-464d-8c43-0d55f34cc8c1"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Chroma vector store\n",
    "chroma_client = chromadb.Client()\n",
    "vectorstore = Chroma.from_documents(\n",
    "    documents=dense_documents,\n",
    "    embedding=embedding_function,\n",
    "    collection_name=collection_name,\n",
    "    client=chroma_client\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "749fcce7-3203-49e8-a62f-ecf2edce4570",
   "metadata": {
    "executionInfo": {
     "elapsed": 128,
     "status": "ok",
     "timestamp": 1716948726221,
     "user": {
      "displayName": "",
      "userId": ""
     },
     "user_tz": 240
    },
    "id": "749fcce7-3203-49e8-a62f-ecf2edce4570"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dense_retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={\"k\": 10})\n",
    "sparse_retriever = BM25Retriever.from_documents(sparse_documents, k=10)\n",
    "ensemble_retriever = EnsembleRetriever(retrievers=[dense_retriever, sparse_retriever], weights=[0.5, 0.5], c=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6ce8df01-925b-45b5-8fb8-17b5c40c581f",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "6ce8df01-925b-45b5-8fb8-17b5c40c581f"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#### RETRIEVAL and GENERATION ####"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "e214f0a8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Five different versions of the user query:\n",
      "Original: What are Google's environmental initiatives?\n",
      "What steps is Google taking to address environmental concerns?\n",
      "How is Google contributing to environmental sustainability?\n",
      "Can you list the environmental programs and projects Google is involved in?\n",
      "What actions has Google implemented to reduce its environmental impact?\n",
      "What are the key environmental strategies and goals of Google?\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Prompt LLM to decompose query for broader coverage\n",
    "prompt_decompose = PromptTemplate.from_template(\n",
    "    \"\"\"You are an AI language model assistant.\n",
    "    Your task is to generate five different versions of the given \n",
    "    user query to retrieve relevant documents from a vector search. \n",
    "    By generating multiple perspectives on the user question, \n",
    "    your goal is to help the user overcome some of the limitations \n",
    "    of the distance-based similarity search. \n",
    "    Provide these alternative questions separated by newlines. \n",
    "    Original question: {question}\"\"\"\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "decompose_queries_chain = (\n",
    "    prompt_decompose\n",
    "    | llm\n",
    "    | str_output_parser\n",
    "    | (lambda x: x.split(\"\\n\"))\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Invoke decompose_queries_chain and print the five different versions\n",
    "decomposed_queries = decompose_queries_chain.invoke({\"question\": user_query})\n",
    "print(\"Five different versions of the user query:\")\n",
    "print(f\"Original: {user_query}\")\n",
    "for i, question in enumerate(decomposed_queries, start=1):\n",
    "    print(f\"{question.strip()}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "dcd3e747",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "FLATTENED DOCS: 100\n",
      "DEDUPED DOCS: 67\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/opt/conda/lib/python3.11/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/beta_decorator.py:87: LangChainBetaWarning: The function `loads` is in beta. It is actively being worked on, so the API may change.\n",
      "  warn_beta(\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Formatting retrieved docs entails:\n",
    "# - flattening list of lists\n",
    "# - converting each Document to a string\n",
    "# - Deduping documents\n",
    "# - Returning the deduped docs as a list\n",
    "\n",
    "def format_retrieved_docs(documents: list[list]):\n",
    "    flattened_docs = [dumps(doc) for sublist in documents for doc in sublist]\n",
    "    print(f\"FLATTENED DOCS: {len(flattened_docs)}\")\n",
    "    deduped_docs = list(set(flattened_docs))\n",
    "    print(f\"DEDUPED DOCS: {len(deduped_docs)}\")\n",
    "    return [loads(doc) for doc in deduped_docs]\n",
    "\n",
    "retrieval_chain = (\n",
    "    decompose_queries_chain \n",
    "    | ensemble_retriever.map() \n",
    "    | format_retrieved_docs\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "# We retrieve a significant number of documents compared to previous methods\n",
    "docs = retrieval_chain.invoke({\"question\":user_query})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "2e358c09",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Primary prompt passed to LLM with question and context \n",
    "#   where context will be improved retrieved results\n",
    "prompt_primary = PromptTemplate.from_template(\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    You are an environment expert assisting others in \n",
    "    understanding what large companies are doing to \n",
    "    improve the environment. Use the following pieces \n",
    "    of retrieved context with information about what \n",
    "    a particular company is doing to improve the \n",
    "    environment to answer the question. \n",
    "    \n",
    "    If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Question: {question} \n",
    "    Context: {context} \n",
    "    \n",
    "    Answer:\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Relevance check prompt\n",
    "relevance_prompt_template = PromptTemplate.from_template(\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Given the following question and retrieved context, determine if the context is relevant to the question.\n",
    "    Provide a score from 1 to 5, where 1 is not at all relevant and 5 is highly relevant.\n",
    "    Return ONLY the numeric score, without any additional text or explanation.\n",
    "\n",
    "    Question: {question}\n",
    "    Retrieved Context: {retrieved_context}\n",
    "\n",
    "    Relevance Score:\"\"\"\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "3500e351-432b-4703-b439-2eb675d430a6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Data processing functions\n",
    "def format_docs(docs):\n",
    "    return \"\\n\\n\".join(doc.page_content for doc in docs)\n",
    "    \n",
    "def extract_score(llm_output):\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        score = float(llm_output.strip())\n",
    "        return score\n",
    "    except ValueError:\n",
    "        return 0\n",
    "\n",
    "def conditional_answer(x):\n",
    "    relevance_score = extract_score(x['relevance_score'])\n",
    "    if relevance_score < 4:\n",
    "        return \"I don't know.\"\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        return x['answer']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "31db50b1-9da1-4275-8828-41118630fcd9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "rag_chain_from_docs = (\n",
    "    RunnablePassthrough.assign(context=(lambda x: format_docs(x[\"context\"])))\n",
    "    | RunnableParallel(\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            \"relevance_score\": (\n",
    "                RunnablePassthrough()\n",
    "                | (lambda x: relevance_prompt_template.format(question=x['question'], retrieved_context=x['context']))\n",
    "                | llm\n",
    "                | str_output_parser\n",
    "            ), \n",
    "             \"answer\": (\n",
    "                RunnablePassthrough()\n",
    "                | prompt_primary\n",
    "                | llm\n",
    "                | str_output_parser\n",
    "            )\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    )\n",
    "    | RunnablePassthrough().assign(final_answer=conditional_answer)\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "5be8a85a-1c17-4e02-8c2e-31c99d2805c2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# replace ensemble_retriever with retrieval_chain\n",
    "rag_chain_with_source = RunnableParallel(\n",
    "    {\"context\": retrieval_chain, \"question\": RunnablePassthrough()}\n",
    ").assign(answer=rag_chain_from_docs)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "1e4e9dbf",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": true
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "FLATTENED DOCS: 100\n",
      "DEDUPED DOCS: 67\n",
      "Original Question: What are Google's environmental initiatives?\n",
      "\n",
      "Relevance Score: 5\n",
      "\n",
      "Final Answer:\n",
      "Google has implemented a wide range of environmental initiatives aimed at improving sustainability and reducing its environmental impact. Here are some key initiatives based on the provided context:\n",
      "\n",
      "1. **Campus and Habitat Restoration**:\n",
      "   - Google has created and restored more than 40 acres of habitat on its campuses and surrounding urban landscapes, primarily in the Bay Area. This includes planting roughly 4,000 native trees and restoring ecosystems like oak woodlands, willow groves, and wetland habitats.\n",
      "\n",
      "2. **Carbon-Free Energy**:\n",
      "   - Google is working towards achieving net-zero emissions and 24/7 carbon-free energy (CFE) by 2030. This involves clean energy procurement, technology innovation, and policy advocacy. They have also launched a policy roadmap for 24/7 CFE and are advocating for strong public policies to decarbonize electricity grids worldwide.\n",
      "\n",
      "3. **Water Stewardship**:\n",
      "   - Google invests in restoration projects to build ecological resilience and improve watershed health. They have partnered with organizations like the San Francisco Estuary Institute to create frameworks for shoreline resilience and support projects in places like the San Francisco Bay and Chile’s Maipo Basin.\n",
      "\n",
      "4. **Circular Economy**:\n",
      "   - Google aims to maximize the reuse of finite resources across its operations, products, and supply chains. They have set goals to eliminate plastic from hardware product packaging by 2025 and to use recycled materials in their products. For example, 41% of the plastic used in products manufactured in 2022 was recycled content.\n",
      "\n",
      "5. **Sustainable Technology and Tools**:\n",
      "   - Google Earth Engine, a platform for planetary-scale environmental monitoring, has been expanded for commercial use. They also provide tools like the Environmental Insights Explorer and Data Commons to help cities and regions reduce global emissions.\n",
      "\n",
      "6. **AI for Sustainability**:\n",
      "   - Google uses AI to help tackle climate change by providing better information, operational optimization, and improved prediction and forecasting. They have also developed AI-powered tools to support sustainable agriculture and other environmental applications.\n",
      "\n",
      "7. **Public Policy and Advocacy**:\n",
      "   - Google engages in policy advocacy to support sustainability measures, such as enhanced climate-related disclosures and repairable and sustainable devices. They have also partnered with various organizations to promote environmental justice and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\n",
      "\n",
      "8. **Community and Nature Engagement**:\n",
      "   - Google invests in local communities and nature, creating public spaces like the Green Loop in Mountain View and hosting educational events like “Egret Office Hours” to engage the public in environmental conservation.\n",
      "\n",
      "These initiatives reflect Google’s comprehensive approach to sustainability, focusing on reducing its own environmental impact while also empowering others to take action through technology and collaboration.\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Retrieved Documents:\n",
      "Document 1: Document ID: 267 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "As of the end of 2022, we’ve created and restored  more \n",
      "than 40 acres of habitat on Google’s campuses and \n",
      "the surrounding urban landscape, primarily in the Bay Area—including 17 acres at our Bay View campus. We’ve also planted roughly 4,000 native trees on our Bay Area campuses. In collaboration with local NGOs, ecology experts, and government agencies, this work spans from creating welcoming habitat patches for pollinators to partnering on larger projects like restoring the Charleston Retention Basin. Together, these efforts drive landscape-scale restoration of historical ecosystems like oak woodlands, willow groves, and creek and wetland habitats (see Figure 25).\n",
      "FIGURE 25\n",
      "How we’re restoring native habitats in Silicon ValleyWe’ve established  landscape design practices that ensure\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 2: Document ID: 188 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "• Cost and limited volumes of carbon removals\n",
      "For more details, see the Challenges to address  section above.\n",
      "We also know we can’t get there alone. To scale our  \n",
      "work, we’ve created tools, white papers, and case studies to help others adopt some of the approaches that have worked for us.\n",
      " • The CFE manager: A new model for driving decarbonization impact\n",
      " • Time-based energy attribute certificatesThe clean energy transition also requires strong actions from governments, and we call for ambitious public policies aimed at decarbonizing electricity grids worldwide.\n",
      " • Policy recommendations to accelerate  \n",
      "carbon-free energy\n",
      "Ultimately, achieving a carbon-free future for all requires rapid and far-reaching transformations to these systems, and as we grow our efforts towards net-zero emissions for our own footprint, we’ll prioritize actions where we can make unique contributions and maximize our impact on larger systems change. \n",
      "LEARN MORE\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 3: Document ID: 0 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Environmental \n",
      "Report\n",
      "2023What’s \n",
      "inside\n",
      "About this report\n",
      "Google’s 2023 Environmental Report provides an overview of our environmental \n",
      "sustainability strategy and targets and our annual progress towards them. 1  \n",
      "This report features data, performance highlights, and progress against our targets from our 2022 fiscal year (January 1 to December 31, 2022). It also mentions some notable achievements from the first half of 2023. After two years of condensed reporting, we’re sharing a deeper dive into our approach in one place.\n",
      "ADDITIONAL RESOURCES\n",
      "• 2023 Environmental Report: Executive Summary\n",
      "• Sustainability.google\n",
      "• Sustainability reports\n",
      "• Sustainability blog\n",
      "• Our commitments\n",
      "• Alphabet environmental, social, and governance (ESG)\n",
      "• About GoogleIntroduction  3\n",
      "Executive letters  4\n",
      "Highlights  6\n",
      "Our sustainability strategy 7\n",
      "Targets and progress summary 8\n",
      "Emerging opportunities 9\n",
      "Empowering individuals  12\n",
      "Our ambition 13\n",
      "Our appr\n",
      "oach 13\n",
      "Help in\n",
      "g people make  14\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 4: Document ID: 318 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "strong sustainability outcomes. For instance, in the United States last year, we provided comments  to the SEC’s \n",
      "proposed rule  on enhanced climate-related disclosures. \n",
      "In Europe, we shared input with the European Commission to support policy measures to make smartphones and tablets, along with other devices, more repairable and sustainable. We also advocated for measures in the EU Renewable Energy Directive to support 24/7 carbon-free energy supply models that enable companies to source clean energy for their operations. \n",
      "See Figure 27 for a detailed list of our sustainability policy \n",
      "engagements in 2022.\n",
      "A green wall at our inaugural Google European \n",
      "Sustainability Summit in Brussels.   80\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  FIGURE 27\n",
      "Google’s policy engagements in 2022\n",
      "Global and cross-cutting initiatives\n",
      "Policy Roadmap for \n",
      "24/7 Energy PolicyGoogle launched a policy roadmap for 24/7 CFE, laying out a vision for policies that we believe\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 5: Document ID: 262 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "135 \n",
      "Preserving nature is critical both to mitigating climate  \n",
      "change and adapting to it. We want nature and people to flourish together in the communities that Google calls  home, as well as the ecosystems where we source food  for the hundreds of cafes we operate. Our approach\n",
      "We strive to protect and enhance nature and biodiversity through our campuses and technology.\n",
      "Google has offices in nearly 60 countries around the world \n",
      "(as of year-end 2022). In these locations, we aim to protect and enhance nature and biodiversity through a four-pillar approach that starts with building biodiversity at our own office and campus developments, as well as protecting nature and making it more accessible in the surrounding communities where we operate (see Figure 24). \n",
      "Our approach further focuses on sourcing responsibly\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 6: Document ID: 275 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Nurturing nature across \n",
      "ecosystems\n",
      "We invest in restoration projects outside of Google’s \n",
      "campuses to build health across the wider ecosystem and accelerate our water stewardship goals. In addition to grants mentioned above to create and maintain pollinator habitat, we also support efforts to strengthen the ecological resilience of critical natural systems like the San Francisco Bay . In 2022, we partnered with the \n",
      "San Francisco Estuary Institute to create the Shoreline Resilience Framework for Wildlife Support , which is being \n",
      "used by regional agencies to identify, map, and enhance functions that contribute to shoreline resilience. These functions may include protecting the shoreline from erosion, supporting threatened and endangered species, and maintaining critical landscape processes like marsh migration with sea-level rise.Connecting communities \n",
      "and nature\n",
      "We invest for the long term, so we want to care for the\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 7: Document ID: 69 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Explorer , which empowers thousands of cities and regions \n",
      "with actionable data and insights to reduce global emissions. \n",
      "More recently, we also built Data Commons , an open-\n",
      "source tool to organize hundreds of public sustainability \n",
      "datasets into a single, accessible resource.\n",
      "Geospatial technology\n",
      "Google has made deep investments over nearly two \n",
      "decades in geospatial technology and platforms such \n",
      "as Google Maps and Google Earth. Google Earth Engine \n",
      "is a leading technology platform for planetary-scale \n",
      "environmental monitoring that was launched in 2010 \n",
      "for scientists and NGOs. In 2022, it was expanded for \n",
      "commercial use by businesses and governments as \n",
      "an enterprise-grade service through Google Cloud. \n",
      "Researchers from academic institutions, NGOs, and \n",
      "intergovernmental organizations have leveraged and \n",
      "built upon our tools for a wide variety of use cases from \n",
      "measuring habitat ranges to protecting forest  and  \n",
      "ocean  ecosystems.\n",
      "Cloud\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 8: Document ID: 126 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Use of carbon removals\n",
      "• Because the carbon removals sector is in the earliest stage of development, costs are currently high, and there are limited volumes of removals available for purchase.\n",
      " 68\n",
      "As we move towards our net-zero goal, the scale of these challenges will only increase, along with the difficulty of additional progress. We believe that the urgency of climate change demands immediate action, and setting ambitious, near-term targets is a valuable way to focus our efforts and drive important progress across the energy systems and value chains in which we operate.\n",
      "Norther Offshore wind farm in Belgium (92 MW for Google)\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "Our core business involves using data to solve hard problems, and our unique strength is combining engineering skills with an innovative mindset and a global reach.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 9: Document ID: 423 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "37 See endnote 35 above.\n",
      "38 “Transport: Improving the Sustainability of Passenger and Freight \n",
      "Transport ,” IEA, 2022.\n",
      "39 Based on Google Trends data as of April 2023, when comparing global \n",
      "Google Search interest from April 2022–April 2023 to that of April 2021–\n",
      "April 2022.\n",
      "40 See endnote 3 above.\n",
      "41 “Global EV Outlook 2023 Abstract ,” IEA, April 2023.\n",
      "42 See endnote 13 above.\n",
      "43 Based on Google Trends data as of April 2023, when comparing global \n",
      "Google Search interest from April 2020–April 2023 to that of April 2017–\n",
      "April 2020.\n",
      "44 See endnote 13 above.\n",
      "45 Based on Google Trends data as of April 2023, when comparing global Google Search interest since 2004.\n",
      "46 See endnote 35 above.\n",
      "47 See endnote 43 above.\n",
      "48 See endnote 35 above.\n",
      "49 “Measuring Fashion: Environmental Impact of the Global Apparel and \n",
      "Footwear Industries Study ,” Quantis, 2018.\n",
      "50 “Digital Transformation ,” UNEP, April 2022.\n",
      "51 “Digital Decarbonisation: How the Digital Sector is Supporting Climate\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 10: Document ID: 17 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "time wildfire boundaries in Search and Maps are available in cities around the world 100s of sources\n",
      "of sustainability data, from most OECD countries , aggregated by \n",
      "Data Commons—making data more accessible and useful for addressing sustainability challenges\n",
      "Operating  \n",
      "sustainably10+ GW\n",
      "of clean energy  generation capacity from \n",
      "more than 80 signed agreements from 2010 to 2022—the equivalent capacity of more than 31 million solar panels271 million gallons\n",
      "of water  replenished as of the end of 2022—\n",
      "equivalent to more than 400 Olympic-sized swimming pools100%\n",
      "of Pixel, Nest, and Chromecast devices launched in 2022 include recycled materials\n",
      " 9 44 acres\n",
      "of native habitat  restored on our  \n",
      "Bay Area campuses as of the end  of 2022   7\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  \n",
      "Our \n",
      "sustainability strategy\n",
      "We believe Google has a unique \n",
      "opportunity that extends beyond  \n",
      "managing the environmental impacts  of our own operations and value chain.\n",
      "By making information accessible and by driving\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 11: Document ID: 254 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Through our Product Restricted Substances Specification  \n",
      "and Manufacturer Restricted Substances List, we restrict \n",
      "many hazardous substances and ensure our suppliers have processes in place to detect and prevent them from entering the manufacturing process. We’ve laid  a solid foundation  as we pursue our next level goals in \n",
      "safer chemistry.\n",
      "In 2022, we shared more details about our comprehensive \n",
      "Responsible Chemical Management program  that \n",
      "includes assessments, guidance, and training resources to help suppliers better mitigate occupational and environmental risks related to the chemicals they use. Recent initiatives have included in-depth assessment programs with greater levels of detail and transparency, extensive supplier training and guidance materials to more proactively manage risk, and new industry partnerships that al\n",
      "low us to share best practices intended to  \n",
      "advance the industry at large.\n",
      "We continue to enroll suppliers into e-learning courses,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 12: Document ID: 10 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "create a more sustainable future.   5\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  \n",
      "A letter from our  \n",
      "Chief Sustainability Officer\n",
      "I grew up in Muir Beach, California, and was fortunate \n",
      "to spend my childhood exploring its beautiful redwood forests and vibrant tidepools with my family. Today, I’m raising my daughter in these same special places, but now these delicate ecosystems are threatened, just like many other parts of the world. \n",
      "Climate change affects all aspects of society, from food \n",
      "production and human health to infrastructure and the economy. These impacts are interconnected and can have a cascading effect on people and the planet. The response calls for systemic, global action to reduce emissions, improve watershed health, maximize the reuse of finite resources, and protect biodiversity.\n",
      "Since Google was founded, our efforts to mitigate climate\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 13: Document ID: 34 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Lila IbrahimChief Operating OfficerGoogle DeepMind\n",
      "A row of servers in our  \n",
      "St. Ghislain, Belgium, data center   11\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  \n",
      "Our gigaton aspiration\n",
      "We believe that Google has a unique \n",
      "opportunity that extends beyond reducing the environmental impacts of our own operations and value chain.\n",
      " 21 \n",
      "In 2020, Google shared our aspiration to help others reduce \n",
      "1 gigaton (GT) of their carbon equivalent emissions annually by 2030. This is an ambitious vision that we’ve set to push us to contribute meaningfully to helping with climate solutions beyond our own operations and value chain.\n",
      "We initially focused on helping cities and local\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 14: Document ID: 433 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "measurement within and across grid regions.\n",
      "91 Contracted CFE is the hourly electricity production from clean energy \n",
      "projects whose electricity and associated environmental attributes are \n",
      "contracted to Google via power purchase agreements, retail energy supply \n",
      "arrangements, or other contractual structures. See “ 24/7 Carbon-Free \n",
      "Energy: Methodologies and Metrics ” for more details.\n",
      "92 “Why Did Renewables Become so Cheap so Fast? ” Our World in Data , \n",
      "December 2020.\n",
      "93 See endnote 13 above.\n",
      "94 “How the Tech Sector Can Drive Renewable Energy Opportunities in APAC ,” \n",
      "ENGIE Impact, accessed 2023.\n",
      "95 “Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change Summary for \n",
      "Policymakers ,” IPCC, 2022.\n",
      "96 “Turning the Tide ,” Global Commission on the Economics of Water, 2023.\n",
      "97 We define freshwater as naturally occurring water from surface or \n",
      "groundwater sources that isn’t salty, and is suitable for consumption if clean \n",
      "or processed. Freshwater excludes seawater and reclaimed wastewater.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 15: Document ID: 138 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Google is a founding member of the iMasons Climate Accord , an industry coalition working to reduce GHG \n",
      "emissions across the technical infrastructure systems that support the digital economy. As a part of this effort, we’re collaborating with industry peers to highlight the importance of low-GHG construction materials, such as greener concrete , and to accelerate progress in the \n",
      "development and deployment of these materials.\n",
      "In 2022, we filed a patent for using machine \n",
      "learning technology to improve our ability to prevent emissions from refrigerant leaks.\n",
      "Data centers\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 16: Document ID: 168 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Helping local communities\n",
      "Finally, we believe that our clean energy procurement shouldn’t only benefit the climate, but also the local communities that host our facilities—in particular, historically underserved communities  that haven’t \n",
      "typically benefited from the clean energy transition. Three years ago, we started a journey to better understand how we can help lower barriers to an equitable clean energy transition, culminating in two additions to our clean energy procurement approach that respond to those challenges. \n",
      "The first program extends clean energy’s financial \n",
      "benefits to local communities. Through a first-of-its-kind partnership with EDPR NA Distributed Generation , \n",
      "we’ll create a 500 MW community-based solar portfolio, adding clean energy to the regional U.S. PJM power grid and providing Google with Renewable Energy Credits that contribute to 24/7 CFE . At least 10% of the portfolio’s\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 17: Document ID: 338 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "C40 CitiesC40 and Google launched  the 24/7 Carbon-Free Energy for Cities program to empower cities around the world \n",
      "to run entirely on clean energy, and the program will soon be expanded into Africa with grant support from Google.org. C40 is a strategic partner of Google’s Environmental Insights Explorer, using its environmental data and insights to help support its network of nearly 100 world-leading cities collaborating to deliver urgent action to confront the climate crisis.\n",
      "Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking OnlineIn 2018, 21 companies joined Google in launching the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online, collectively creating a wildlife policy framework for online trade and an industry-wide approach to reduce online wildlife trafficking. The coalition unites the tech industry to standardize prohibited wildlife policies, better detect illicit wildlife products, enhance automated detection filters, and empower users to report suspicious listings.\n",
      "CDP  (formerly\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 18: Document ID: 280 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "141 \n",
      "Our efforts earned us a 2021 FSC Leadership Award, which recognizes excellence in responsible forest management and conservation.\n",
      "We work to ensure our food operations contribute \n",
      "positively to global biodiversity. Across our cafes, our Food team is focused on increasing the proportion of agrobiodiverse crops  featured on our menus. We \n",
      "leverage procurement practices and menu design to replace monocrop commodities with climate-resilient crops, and jump-start local markets to support agrobiodiversity. In addition to agrobiodiversity, we also support regenerative agriculture practices . This work \n",
      "builds on the Food team’s vision of helping to feed the world responsibly and sustainably.Developing technology to address \n",
      "biodiversity loss\n",
      "We build tools and technology that enable partners, \n",
      "NGOs, governments, and academics around the world to help address nature and biodiversity loss. Our most impactful technology in this area is Google Earth Engine ,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 19: Document ID: 66 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "the United States for pre-owned products, such as used and refurbished products. The journey \n",
      "ahead\n",
      "While a single individual’s actions may seem small, when \n",
      "billions of people have the tools to make more sustainable decisions, they add up to have a meaningful impact on their communities and the entire planet. \n",
      "We’re excited by the opportunity to enable climate and \n",
      "environmental action far beyond Google’s direct impact, through information and innovation.\n",
      "LEARN MORE\n",
      " • Empowering with technology\n",
      " • Google Maps eco-friendly routing\n",
      " • Searching for sustainability with Google\n",
      " • Supporting a clean energy future with Nest Renew\n",
      " • The search for sustainability   20\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Working \n",
      "together\n",
      "We’re working together with our \n",
      "partners and customers to advance technology for sustainabilityOur ambition\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "Supporting partners\n",
      "Investing in breakthrough \n",
      "innovation\n",
      "Creating ecosystems for \n",
      "collaboration\n",
      "The journey ahead\n",
      "   21\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Our ambition\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 20: Document ID: 245 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "A Sorta Sunny color Pixel 6 Pro lies face-down on a table next to a variety of spare parts and iFixit-branded  \n",
      "repair tools. (Photo courtesy Andy Miller of iFixit )\n",
      "Product longevity\n",
      "Creating truly sustainable electronics includes crafting experiences that guide consumers through the care, repair, reuse, and recycling of their products. While there’s much more work to do, we’ve taken some initial steps in understanding consumers’ and organizations’ needs and creating new services for them.\n",
      "It all starts with making sure products last long to begin \n",
      "with. Enabling security updates and bug fixes helps promote product longevity. For Google Nest, we issue critical bug fixes and patches for at least five years after launch. Pixel 6 and later Pixel phones will get securityupdates for five years from when they first become available on the Google Store in the United States.\n",
      " 130\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 21: Document ID: 117 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "in four key ways: accelerating the transition to a net-zero carbon future, advancing water stewardship, building a circular economy, and protecting nature and biodiversity.Our \n",
      "operations\n",
      "Google uses energy, natural resources, and products \n",
      "and services to build our workplaces, data centers, and consumer hardware products. At the end of 2022, we had offices and data centers in roughly 200 cities  and nearly \n",
      "60 countries  around the world. We also had two retail \n",
      "stores, both in New York City.\n",
      "The products and services that our customers and users \n",
      "rely on—like Gmail, Google Cloud, Search, and YouTube—are powered by our data centers and networking infrastructure. At the end of 2022, we had 28 Google-owned and -operated data center campuses across 24 data center locations\n",
      " 65 on four continents, as well as more \n",
      "than 30 Google Cloud regions . In addition to our Google-\n",
      "owned and -operated data centers, we use additional third-party-operated data centers as well.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 22: Document ID: 344 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "iMasons Climate AccordGoogle is a founding member and part of the governing body of the iMasons Climate Accord, a coalition united on carbon reduction in digital infrastructure.\n",
      "ReFEDIn 2022, to activate industry-wide change, Google provided anchor funding to kickstart the ReFED Catalytic Grant Fund, with the goal of accelerating and scaling food waste solutions.\n",
      "The Nature Conservancy (TNC)In 2022, Google supported three of the Nature Conservancy’s watershed projects in Chile and the United States, and Google.org supported a three-phased approach to catalyze active reforestation of kelp at impactful scales. Google.org also provided a grant to TNC to develop a machine-learning-powered timber-tracing API to stop deforestation in the Amazon at scale; a team of Google engineers is working full-time for six months with TNC to develop this product as part of the Google.org Fellowship Program.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 23: Document ID: 299 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Climate-related \n",
      "risks\n",
      "Climate-related risks and opportunities have long time \n",
      "horizons with high uncertainty regarding how climate trends, policy, and socio-economic factors might evolve in the future. Google continues to build on qualitative and quantitative risk assessments to identify climate-related risks and opportunities, and to understand their associated impact.\n",
      "In 2015, Google developed a set of Principles of Climate \n",
      "Resilience , which support our definition of climate risk \n",
      "and resilience. From there, we created a framework that prioritizes the impact on people (including communities, users, and Googlers), so that it represents the different aspects of climate resilience within Google, as well as the internal and external actors who either influence or are influenced by Google’s climate resilience decisions. These ideas continue to inform how we think about addressing long-term climate risk.\n",
      "In 2020, Google conducted a climate risk assessment,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 24: Document ID: 55 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "ow which models qualify in \n",
      "the U.S. under the latest government rebate  programs  \n",
      "designed to help make EVs a more affordable option. For people considering a new bike or scooter, in select Asian countries, Search provides information such as range, speed, and price for electric bikes and scooters.\n",
      "When EV owners search for \n",
      "   “EV charging”   on Google \n",
      "Maps, they’ll see charging stations nearby with charger \n",
      "availability displayed in some cases. People with a car that has Google Maps built in are routed to the most convenient charging location based on factors like traffic, charge levels, and charger speed. By the end of 2022, Google Maps included nearly 300,000 EV charging locations globally.\n",
      "In the Waze app , individuals can also find compatible \n",
      "charging stations along their route. Thanks to local map \n",
      "editors from our Waze Community, EV data is reviewed and updated in real time to provide the most accurate, comprehensive information.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 25: Document ID: 137 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "When designing our data centers and offices, we consider options to reduce their carbon impacts, such as the incorporation of low-GHG materials and adaptive reuse of existing buildings. For example, in Sunnyvale, California, we’re building our first ground-up mass timber building , which is projected to have 96% fewer embodied carbon emissions than an equivalent steel and concrete structure, factoring in sequestration.\n",
      " 70\n",
      "Preventing refrigerants from leaking and finding low-global warming potential (GWP) alternatives is critical for reducing global emissions.\n",
      " 71 We’re taking steps to more \n",
      "accurately measure refrigerant leak rates and working to develop new technology solutions that can prevent emissions from these leaks. For example, at our data centers, we’re developing and deploying cooling solutions that include natural, low-GWP refrigerants .\n",
      "Google is a founding member of the iMasons Climate Accord , an industry coalition working to reduce GHG\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 26: Document ID: 322 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Protection Agency (EPA), including 3 Google hosted events with EPA Administrator Michael \n",
      "Regan on environmental justice, how Google products promote recycling within the circular \n",
      "economy, and using AI to identify lead pipes. At the U.S. Department of Energy, Nest continued \n",
      "dialog with both the Loans Program Office about designation as an innovative product, and \n",
      "Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Innovation. We also met with the White House  \n",
      "on multiple projects, and received invitations to summits for our work on lead pipe reduction \n",
      "and home electrification.U.S. SEC comments \n",
      "on proposed rule on \n",
      "Enhancement and \n",
      "Standardization of \n",
      "Climate-Related \n",
      "Disclosures for \n",
      "InvestorsIn partnership with nine other peer technology companies, Google provided comments  to \n",
      "the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) proposed rule on enhanced climate-related \n",
      "disclosures. The comments state our support for regular and consistent reporting of climate-\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 27: Document ID: 279 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "responsibly\n",
      "We’re focused on sourcing responsibly across our supply \n",
      "chain by procuring sustainable building and hardware materials and supporting biodiverse food systems.\n",
      "We procure building materials for development projects \n",
      "and hardware materials for products aiming to minimize negative impacts on global biodiversity. For example, for new campus developments, we’ve incorporated timber certified by the Forest Stewardship Council  (FSC)—the \n",
      "world’s leading forest certification system for sustainable wood building materials. The first time Google led the concept and construction of our own major campuses, Google and our development partners prioritized FSC certification of all new wood purchased and installed, achieving over 96% FSC-certified wood at Bay View.\n",
      " 141 \n",
      "Our efforts earned us a 2021 FSC Leadership Award, which recognizes excellence in responsible forest management and conservation.\n",
      "We work to ensure our food operations contribute\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 28: Document ID: 296 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Alphabet’s Board of Directors has delegated to the Audit and Compliance Committee the primary responsibility for the oversight of many of the risks facing our businesses. The Audit and Compliance Committee reviews and discusses with management any major risk exposures, including sustainability risks, and the steps that Alphabet takes to detect, monitor, and actively manage such exposures.In 2022, Google evolved its approach to sustainability governance by creating a Sustainability Focus Area, an internal team led by our SVP of Learning and Sustainability that provides centralized management oversight of sustainability and climate-related issues.The Sustainability Focus Area includes the Chief Sustainability Officer and executives from across the company with diverse skills, from teams such as operations, products, finance, marketing, legal, communications, and policy, among others\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 29: Document ID: 67 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "Supporting partners\n",
      "Investing in breakthrough \n",
      "innovation\n",
      "Creating ecosystems for \n",
      "collaboration\n",
      "The journey ahead\n",
      "   21\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Our ambition\n",
      "We believe that Google has a unique \n",
      "opportunity that extends beyond reducing \n",
      "the environmental impacts of our own \n",
      "operations and value chain. By organizing \n",
      "information about our planet and making \n",
      "it actionable through technology and \n",
      "platforms, we can help partners and \n",
      "customers create even more positive impact.\n",
      "Digital technologies  play a critical role in industry \n",
      "transitions, allowing us to measure and track sustainability \n",
      "progress, optimize the use of resources, reduce \n",
      "greenhouse gas emissions, and enable a more circular \n",
      "economy. 50 Cloud computing and digital technologies \n",
      "underpin the transformation in many sectors, such as \n",
      "energy, transportation, and agriculture. Research  that \n",
      "we commissioned in 2022 found that 20%–25% of what’s \n",
      "required for the EU’s 2050 net-zero goal requires some\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 30: Document ID: 152 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Developing roadmaps to \n",
      "reduce emissions\n",
      "Since setting our net-zero emissions goal, we’ve engaged \n",
      "our key suppliers to develop roadmaps to reduce emissions across our supply chain. During Google’s 2022 Supplier Sustainability Summit, we communicated the expectation for suppliers to publicly set targets to reduce GHG emissions. We provide in-depth training for key suppliers on setting ambitious GHG reduction and renewable electricity targets. For suppliers that completed our CDP supply chain survey, 75% reported having GHG emissions reduction targets, and of those suppliers, 36% reported that their target is science-based. We aim to accelerate our suppliers’ GHG emissions reductions through further integration of climate performance into key procurement tools and the development of new mechanisms to drive deep supplier decarbonization.   41\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Advancing carbon-free energy\n",
      "Our primary approach for reducing our Scope 2 emissions\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 31: Document ID: 139 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "development and deployment of these materials.\n",
      "In 2022, we filed a patent for using machine \n",
      "learning technology to improve our ability to prevent emissions from refrigerant leaks.\n",
      "Data centers\n",
      "Google’s data centers are the engine of our company, powering products like Gmail, Google Cloud, Search, and YouTube for billions of people around the world. We’ve worked to make Google’s data centers some of the most efficient in the world, improving their environmental performance even as demand for our products has risen. We’ve done this by designing, building, and operating each one to maximize efficient use of energy, water, \n",
      "and ma\n",
      "terials.\n",
      "Our long-standing data center efficiency  efforts are\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 32: Document ID: 169 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "revenues will be redirected annually for up to 15 years as utility bill credits to more than 25,000 households facing a high energy burden. \n",
      "The second program aims to spur long-term investments \n",
      "to improve housing infrastructure. Through a partnership with Sol Systems , we’re providing funding to three rural \n",
      "electric cooperatives and one regional organization with deep roots in North Carolina and South Carolina to undertake critical home pre-weatherization and safety upgrades for low- and moderate-income households. Alongside this investment, the partnership will deliver new solar energy and battery storage resources, moving us closer to 24/7 CFE and bringing clean energy to one of the most challenging grids to decarbonize. \n",
      "Both of these programs are based on discussions with\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 33: Document ID: 95 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "62 By quantifying this, \n",
      "they were able to provide estimates of several co-benefit  \n",
      "of tree cover . \n",
      "To accelerate the innovation that we’ve seen from the scientific and NGO communities, we’re now bringing Google Earth Engine to public and private sector users.  In 2022, we expanded Google Earth Engine’s availability for commercial use by businesses and governments worldwide as an enterprise-grade service through Google Cloud.  With access to reliable, up-to-date insights on how our planet is changing, organizations will be better equipped  to move their sustainability efforts forward.\n",
      "Google Earth\n",
      "Our planet has seen rapid environmental change in the past half-century—more than at any other point in human history.\n",
      "Timelapse  in Google Earth is a global, zoomable  \n",
      "time-lapse video of the planet, providing a clearer picture\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 34: Document ID: 23 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "AI for sustainability\n",
      "Seven years into our journey as an AI-first company, we’ve made AI foundational  to every part of our business and \n",
      "all Google products. Our approach to AI must be both bold and responsible . To us, that means developing AI in a \n",
      "way that maximizes the positive benefits to society while addressing the challenges, guided by our AI Principles . \n",
      "We can use AI to help accelerate solutions to tackle climate change by providing better information  to \n",
      "individuals, operational optimization  for organizations, \n",
      "and improved prediction  and forecasting. We must \n",
      "also continue to find ways to reduce the environmental footprint  of AI models.\n",
      "Information: Empowering people to live more sustainably through AI.  In 2022, searches for  \n",
      "   “solar energy,”       “electric bicycles,”    and  \n",
      "   “electric cars”   reached all-time highs. 13 People are\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 35: Document ID: 268 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "FIGURE 25\n",
      "How we’re restoring native habitats in Silicon ValleyWe’ve established  landscape design practices that ensure \n",
      "ecologically-designed landscapes thrive over the long term, primarily through our internal Habitat Design Guidelines. The guidelines help landscape designers leverage plant choices and layout to maximize wildlife habitat value. They include detailed guidelines on native plant palettes, planting structure and density, plant requirements, maintenance requirements, and bird-safe practices. To promote wider use and impact of these guidelines, we sponsored the publication of a public version  that’s freely available for\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 36: Document ID: 451 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Empowering individuals:  \n",
      "A parking lot full of electric vehicles lined up outside a Google office, \n",
      "plugged into charging stations.\n",
      "Working together:  \n",
      "Satellite-derived Earth Engine image showing seasonal agricultural peaks \n",
      "near the Columbia and Snake Rivers in Washington state. The perfectly round fields are center pivot irrigated corn and wheat maturing in different months. Data source: Landsat 8, U.S. Geological Survey.\n",
      "Operating sustainably:  \n",
      "A view of our Bay View campus with the events center in the foreground \n",
      "and a Google brandmark sculpture. (Photo: Iwan Baan)\n",
      "Net-zero carbon:  \n",
      "Golden Hills wind farm in California (43 MW for Google)\n",
      "Water stewardship:  \n",
      "Our Bay View campus, as seen from across its stormwater retention pond. (Photo: Iwan Baan)\n",
      "Circular economy:  \n",
      "A closeup of many small, broken circuit boards in a pile. Our approach\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 37: Document ID: 116 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "• Google Earth Engine\n",
      "• Sustainability-focused accelerators   31\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Operating \n",
      "sustainably\n",
      "We’re showing the way forward \n",
      "through our own operationsOur ambition\n",
      "Our operations\n",
      "Net-zero carbon\n",
      "Water stewardshipCircular economyNature and biodiversity\n",
      "Spotlight: Building a  \n",
      "more sustainable campus  \n",
      "in Mountain View\n",
      "   32\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Our  \n",
      "ambition\n",
      "Our work on sustainability started with our \n",
      "own operations, and we’ve worked hard to lead by example, with the ultimate goal of driving larger systems change. We set ambitious sustainability goals . We share the \n",
      "innovations we create and the lessons we learn with others, so we can help accelerate the global transition to a low-carbon and sustainable future.\n",
      "We’re working to drive sustainability across our operations \n",
      "in four key ways: accelerating the transition to a net-zero carbon future, advancing water stewardship, building a circular economy, and protecting nature and biodiversity.Our \n",
      "operations\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 38: Document ID: 27 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "We believe that getting AI right—which to us involves innovating and delivering widely accessible benefits to \n",
      "people and society, while mitigating its risks—must be a collective effort involving us and others, including researchers, developers, users (individuals, businesses, and other organizations), governments, regulators, and citizens. It’s critical that we collectively earn public trust if AI is to deliver on its potential for people and society. As a company, we embrace the opportunity to work with others to get AI right.\n",
      "James ManyikaSVP, Research, Technology, & SocietyGoogle\n",
      "   10\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  \n",
      "We’re making advancements  in many \n",
      "transformative areas of AI, but I’m particularly \n",
      "excited about AI for Social Good, including  climate adaptation. AI has great potential to  both reduce overall emissions as well as help us address the effects of climate change, including helping people adapt to new challenges.\n",
      "Jeff DeanChief ScientistGoogle DeepMind and \n",
      "Google R\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 39: Document ID: 218 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "107 \n",
      "We can reduce up to 10 GT of carbon by 2050 through circular strategies, such as using recycled materials and low-carbon building approaches.\n",
      " 108\n",
      "To support the transition to a circular economy, we aim to become a circular Google —maximizing the reuse of finite \n",
      "resources across our operations, products, and supply chains and enabling others to do the same.Our approach\n",
      "Our impact on the circular economy cuts across all our core business operations. It includes the data centers we build and operate to power our products, the workplaces where Googlers come together to create the next breakthrough technology, and the consumer hardware products that people use every day. Our impact also spans the entire value chain, including data centers , \n",
      "workplaces and stores, products , and our suppliers , \n",
      "and we’ve set goals to measure our progress in each area.\n",
      "Our circularity principles focus on designing out waste\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 40: Document ID: 346 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)Google has been a member of the WBCSD for several years and participates in a number of its initiatives. \n",
      "We’re a\n",
      "ctively involved in initiatives related to improving well-being for people and the planet, including  \n",
      "shifting diets, consumer behavior changes, and regenerative agriculture. \n",
      "World Resources Institute (WRI)Google has a 13-year long relationship with WRI for impact-focused collaboration. Some key projects include developing a near-real-time land cover dataset ( Dynamic World ), deforestation monitoring and alerts ( Global \n",
      "Forest Watch ), ending commodity-driven deforestation and accelerating restoration ( Forest Data Partnership ), \n",
      "measuring and mitigating extreme heat ( supported by Google.org ), and educating stakeholders on 24/7 CFE.   84\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Awards and recognition\n",
      "2022 CDP Climate Change A List  \n",
      "Alphabet has been named to CDP’s Climate Change A list,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 41: Document ID: 12 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "The opportunity we have through our products and \n",
      "platforms is reflected in our updated environmental sustainability strategy, which focuses on where we can make the most significant positive impact. Our work is organized around three key pillars: empowering individuals to take action, working together with our partners and customers, and operating our business sustainably.\n",
      "In 2022, we reached our goal to help 1 billion people \n",
      "make more sustainable choices through our products. We achieved this by offering sustainability features like eco-friendly routing in Google Maps, energy efficiency features in Google Nest thermostats, and carbon emissions information in Google Flights. Looking ahead, our aspiration is to help individuals, cities, and other partners collectively reduce 1 gigaton of their carbon equivalent emissions annually by 2030.\n",
      " 2\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 42: Document ID: 421 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "recommended adjustments to traffic signals that were implemented during \n",
      "tests conducted in 2022.\n",
      "19 According to Google’s own analysis of our more efficient servers, power \n",
      "infrastructure, and cooling systems, compared with data center industry \n",
      "averages.\n",
      "20 According to Google’s platform-neutral measurement for central \n",
      "processing unit (CPU) resources analyzed over a five-year period.\n",
      "21 For more information on how we’re reducing the environmental footprint of \n",
      "our operations, see the Operating sustainably  section.\n",
      "22 “Japan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rose 2% in FY21/22 as Economy \n",
      "Recovered ,” Reuters, April 2023. \n",
      "23 See endnote 13 above.\n",
      "24 “Net Zero by 2050 - A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector ,” IEA, October \n",
      "2021.\n",
      "25 “CO 2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ,” OurWorldInData.org, 2020.\n",
      "26 Based on Google Trends data as of December 2022, when comparing \n",
      "global Google Search interest since 2013.\n",
      "27 See endnote 13 above.\n",
      "28 See endnote 6 above.\n",
      "29 See endnote 7 above.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 43: Document ID: 211 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "public health in the communities that make up an important part of our global workforce.\n",
      "CHILE\n",
      "Google partnered with the Bonneville Environmental Foundation on two initiatives to improve watershed health in Chile’s Maipo Basin. We provided funding to our implementation partner, Kilimo, to scale up precision irrigation using AI  to support increased agricultural productivity, maintain \n",
      "or improve natural pest control, protect groundwater and surface water resources, and reduce water demand across 260 hectares of farmland. Google also supported The Nature Conservancy’s efforts to monitor, protect, and improve the management of the High Andean wetlands , \n",
      "which offer many climate and water resilience benefits, as well as advocate for its large-scale protection.\n",
      "Legend\n",
      "Land conservation and restoration (7 projects)\n",
      "Water supply reliability (7 projects)Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) (5 projects)Aquatic habitat restoration (11 projects)Water quality (8 projects)   54\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 44: Document ID: 26 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Our planet, as seen via Google Earth ©2020 Landsat / Copernicus\n",
      "We believe that AI is a foundational and transformational technology that will provide compelling and helpful \n",
      "benefits to people and society through its capacity to assist, complement, empower, and inspire people in almost every field of human endeavor. It has the potential to contribute to tackling some of society’s most pressing challenges and opportunities—among these, climate and sustainability, where we’re researching and innovating to help unlock scientific discoveries and to assist people in making informed choices and communities impacted by climate change. \n",
      "We believe that getting AI right—which to us involves innovating and delivering widely accessible benefits to\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 45: Document ID: 112 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "early stage innovations to grow and scale.\n",
      "Google for Startups \n",
      "Accelerator\n",
      "Google for Startups is working to identify, support, and \n",
      "scale startups that are building technologies to combat climate change and build a more circular economy. These accelerators are 10-week programs for Seed to Series A technology startups, designed to bring the best of Google’s programs, products, people, and technology to some of the most innovative and impactful climate change and circular economy technologists. In addition to mentorship and technical project support, the accelerator focuses on product design, customer acquisition, and leadership development for founders.\n",
      "• Google for Startups Accelerator: Climate Change :\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 46: Document ID: 307 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Employee \n",
      "engagement\n",
      "Sustainability is part of our culture, and we give our \n",
      "employees opportunities to engage on environmental issues and put their passions into practice.\n",
      "To celebrate Earth Day, we host an annual virtual event \n",
      "for employees to learn more about what Google is doing to empower people to make more sustainable choices, support our partners and customers, and operate our business more sustainably. Throughout the year, we invite thought leaders and experts to speak about the latest sustainability trends, and we post some of these talks publicly on our Talks at Google YouTube channel. Employees can also access online sustainability courses and can join global and local internal community groups focused on sustainability topics. Some employees also take on a 20% project —an opportunity to work\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 47: Document ID: 107 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "systems\n",
      "Increasing agricultural productivity and sustainability \n",
      "is imperative to feed the planet’s growing population. Modern agriculture has a significant environmental impact, such as soil degradation and biodiversity loss due to weeds, pests, diseases, herbicide resistance, and excess chemical input waste. Mineral  uses robotics, \n",
      "AI, and computer vision to create a more sustainable food production system. It’s developing perception-powered solutions with partners across the agriculture value chain—from grocery retailers and enterprise farms to equipment manufacturers and crop protection companies—to develop a better understanding of the complex interactions of plants, their growing environment, and farm management practices.Mineral is using robotics, AI, and \n",
      "computer vision to create a more sustainable food production system.\n",
      "Tidal testing its technology at a fish farm north of the Arctic Circle.   29\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Creating ecosystems for collaboration\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 48: Document ID: 121 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "2030 (24/7 CFE). We’ve been working hard to transition our operations and the electricity grids that serve us to cleaner sources of power, through a combination of clean energy procurement, technology innovation, and policy advocacy. And we expect our work to decarbonize electricity grids where we operate to contribute to decarbonization across our value chain as well.\n",
      "Charting our path\n",
      "Achieving net-zero emissions and 24/7 CFE by 2030 are extremely ambitious goals—what we call “moonshots.” We also know that our path to net-zero emissions won’t be easy or linear; it may require us to navigate significant uncertainty and deploy new systems and technologies across our business. Some of our plans will take years to deliver their full results, particularly where they involve building new large-scale infrastructure with long lead times. So as our business continues to evolve, we expect our emissions to rise before dropping towards our absolute emissions reduction target.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 49: Document ID: 59 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "2 emissions produced by an \n",
      "upcoming flight. Today, the TIM powers the emissions estimates you see on Google Flights , as well as select \n",
      "travel sites, through our work in the Travalyst coalition . Over time, we’ve refined and improved the TIM with help from academic and nonprofit experts, as well as various partners in the travel industry. We then formalized these collaborative efforts  by establishing an independent \n",
      "advisory committee to oversee future changes to the TIM. \n",
      "Google Search can also help people find more \n",
      "sustainable alternatives to flying  when available. \n",
      "Trips taken by train or bus often produce lower emissions and can frequently save individuals time or money over shorter distances. \n",
      "People can now compare train ticket prices directly on \n",
      "Google Search for travel in and around select countries. As an example, when looking for \n",
      "   “Berlin to Vienna trains,”\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 50: Document ID: 67 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "Supporting partners\n",
      "Investing in breakthrough \n",
      "innovation\n",
      "Creating ecosystems for \n",
      "collaboration\n",
      "The journey ahead\n",
      "   21\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Our ambition\n",
      "We believe that Google has a unique \n",
      "opportunity that extends beyond reducing \n",
      "the environmental impacts of our own \n",
      "operations and value chain. By organizing \n",
      "information about our planet and making \n",
      "it actionable through technology and \n",
      "platforms, we can help partners and \n",
      "customers create even more positive impact.\n",
      "Digital technologies  play a critical role in industry \n",
      "transitions, allowing us to measure and track sustainability \n",
      "progress, optimize the use of resources, reduce \n",
      "greenhouse gas emissions, and enable a more circular \n",
      "economy. 50 Cloud computing and digital technologies \n",
      "underpin the transformation in many sectors, such as \n",
      "energy, transportation, and agriculture. Research  that \n",
      "we commissioned in 2022 found that 20%–25% of what’s \n",
      "required for the EU’s 2050 net-zero goal requires some\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 51: Document ID: 6 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Beyond our own footprint, Google’s founding mission—\n",
      "“Organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”—can play a very important role in accelerating progress in climate information and action. A sustainable future will be built upon billions of decisions made by governments, organizations, and individuals, which will need to be grounded in good information. Increasingly, we see through Google Trends that more and more people are looking for ways to live sustainably. I believe that we have many strengths and capabilities in providing quality information that people are seeking to make decisions that’ll drive positive action for our planet.\n",
      "Helpful information  can be critical in both efforts to reduce \n",
      "emissions as well as adapt to extreme climate events like\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 52: Document ID: 311 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "In 2022, we audited a subset of our suppliers to verify \n",
      "compliance for the following environmental criteria: implementation of environmental management systems, environmental permits and reporting, product content restrictions, and resource efficiency, as well as management of hazardous substances, wastewater,  solid waste, and air emissions.\n",
      "Googlers chat among indoor plants at our Pier 57 office in New York City.   79\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Public policy and advocacy\n",
      "We know that strong public policy action is critical to \n",
      "creating prosperous, equitable, and resilient low-carbon economies around the world. \n",
      "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate \n",
      "Change (UNFCCC)’s 2015 Paris Agreement states that humanity must “keep global temperature rise this century well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.”\n",
      " 143 Google\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 53: Document ID: 438 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "modules, optical components, electrostatic discharge (ESD) components, \n",
      "electromagnetic interference (EMI) components, films, coatings and \n",
      "adhesives. For products launched in 2022: Pixel, Nest, and Chromecast \n",
      "devices are made with recycled materials ranging between 9% and 60% \n",
      "based on respective product weights.\n",
      "120 Based on total plastic weight of (A) Google Pixel, Nest, and Chromecast \n",
      "products manufactured in 2022 and (B) Fitbit products launched and \n",
      "manufactured in 2022. Includes U.S. configuration of in-box accessories \n",
      "but does not include standalone accessory products other than Pixel \n",
      "phone cases, and Pixel Watch Active, Stretch, and Woven bands. This does \n",
      "not include plastics in printed circuit boards, labels, cables, connectors, \n",
      "electronic components and modules, optical components, electrostatic \n",
      "discharge (ESD) components, electromagnetic interference (EMI) \n",
      "components, films, coatings, and adhesives.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 54: Document ID: 336 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "With our Bay View campus, we paid careful attention to the characteristics of the spaces you can see and feel,  like materials and daylight, but also to aspects that are harder to see, like air quality, thermal comfort, and acoustics.   83\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Partnerships\n",
      "Google partners with many organizations to accelerate progress towards shared sustainability goals. \n",
      "Examp\n",
      "les of some key partnerships are in Figure 29.\n",
      "FIGURE 29\n",
      "Organization Details\n",
      "24/7 Carbon-Free \n",
      "Energy CompactIn 2021, we helped launch  the 24/7 Carbon-Free Energy Compact in partnership with Sustainable Energy for All \n",
      "and UN-Energy  to help grow the movement to enable zero-carbon electricity. In 2022, the compact surpassed \n",
      "100 signatories.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 55: Document ID: 115 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "of over 140 partner organizations.\n",
      "The Google.org Impact Challenge on Climate Innovation supports breakthrough projects that use data and technology to \n",
      "accelerate climate action.\n",
      "The journey ahead\n",
      "From measuring and monitoring changes on the Earth’s surface, improving forecast and prediction models for flooding and wildfires, optimizing operations, combining disparate data sources, and designing more efficient products, we continue to leverage our expertise in technology and apply the latest advancements to help solve global challenges.\n",
      "We believe that by working together with our partners and \n",
      "customers, we can make a real difference in addressing the challenges of climate change and ecosystem degradation. LEARN MORE\n",
      "• Data Commons\n",
      "• Environmental Insights Explorer\n",
      "• Google Cloud sustainability\n",
      "• Google Earth Engine\n",
      "• Sustainability-focused accelerators   31\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Operating \n",
      "sustainably\n",
      "We’re showing the way forward \n",
      "through our own operationsOur ambition\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 56: Document ID: 94 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "the restoration potential of any place on Earth. When you outline a given area on the Restor map, it will show you data on local biodiversity, the current and potential amount of solid carbon stored in the soil, land cover, soil pH, and annual rainfall. With this information, the platform connects practitioners, facilitates the exchange of information, and makes projects visible to potential funders and the public.In 2022, researchers addressed urban climate change inequities  using publicly available data from Earth Engine. \n",
      "This study used Earth Engine to combine medium-to-high-resolution satellite observations with census data to calculate the feasible area available for planting new trees in urban areas for over 200 areas in California.\n",
      " 62 By quantifying this, \n",
      "they were able to provide estimates of several co-benefit  \n",
      "of tree cover .\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 57: Document ID: 13 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "2\n",
      "After two years of condensed reporting, we’re sharing a deeper dive into our approach in one place in our 2023 Environmental Report. In 2022, we continued to make measurable progress in many key ways, such as:\n",
      "• We enhanced and launched new sustainabilityproduct features , such as eco-friendly routing in\n",
      "Maps, which is estimated to have helped preventmore than 1.2 million metric tons of carbon emissionsfrom launch through 2022—equivalent to takingapproximately 250,000 fuel-based cars off the roadfor a year.\n",
      " 3\n",
      "• We expanded the availability of Google EarthEngine —which provides access to reliable, up-to-\n",
      "date insights on how our planet is changing—toinclude businesses and governments worldwide as anenterprise-grade service through Google Cloud.• We opened our new Bay View campus , which is\n",
      "all-electric, net water-positive, restores over 17 acresof high-value nature, and incorporates the leadingprinciples of circular design.\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 58: Document ID: 42 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "that Google can make a meaningful difference beyond our own operations and value chain, and they highlight the benefits of helping individuals through our products and platforms.Our approach\n",
      "Every day, billions of people turn to Google to ask questions, discover something new, or learn about what’s important to them. More people are interested in how to live more sustainably than ever, and our aim is to make it easier for them to do so. In 2022, searches for   \n",
      "   “solar energy,”        “electric bicycles,”   and  \n",
      "   “electric cars”   reached all-time highs. 23 \n",
      "These kinds of changes to lifestyles and behavior matter: the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates  that \n",
      "around 55% of the cumulative emissions reductions needed to achieve a net-zero global energy system by 2050 are linked to consumer choices. Yet, there’s a wide “say-do gap ” among consumers—between those who are \n",
      "concerned about sustainability, and those who ultimately make sustainable decisions.\n",
      " 24\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 59: Document ID: 260 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "133The challenge is large, but so is our ambition. We seek \n",
      "to enable others to embrace circularity, which is why we share knowledge and insight through research, product examples, and case studies with our partners, customers, and billions of users around the world. Examples include:\n",
      "• Closing the plastics circularity gap\n",
      "• Understanding barriers to electronics recycling\n",
      "• Accelerating commercial deconstruction and reuse  \n",
      "Our goal with this work is to accelerate progress towards a fully sustainable technology industry and real estate footprint operating on clean, efficiently used energy and made with safe and circular materials.\n",
      "LEARN MORE\n",
      "• How Google is supporting the circular economy\n",
      "• A new accelerator for circular economy startups \n",
      "and nonprofits\n",
      "• Restricted substances specification   67\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Nature and  \n",
      "biodiversity\n",
      "We strive to protect and enhance \n",
      "nature and biodiversity through \n",
      "our campuses and technologyOur ambition\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 60: Document ID: 192 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Our water stewardship strategy  is centered on \n",
      "assessing and addressing water-related risks to our \n",
      "business and the opportunities we have to not just mitigate those risks, but also create solutions that can be scaled beyond our own corporate footprint. We also strive to partner with others to address this shared challenge.\n",
      "When it comes to addressing shared water challenges, \n",
      "technology can be a useful tool to bring visibility to these challenges to enable smarter, more informed decision-making. We’re building tools to make water data and technology universally accessible, enabling effective water stewardship and improving the resilience of watersheds and ecosystems.   50\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Advancing responsible water use\n",
      "We’re committed to advancing and enhancing our water \n",
      "management practices across our operational footprint  \n",
      "at Google’s offices and data centers around the world.  \n",
      "We continue to collaborate, test, and share our learnings\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 61: Document ID: 62 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Google Maps and Waze both support user alerts for  \n",
      "clean air zones . A clean air zone is a designated \n",
      "urban area with high air pollution where measures are implemented to improve air quality, such as charging an entry fee to drivers of high-emissions vehicles. If a route crosses a clean air zone, the driver will be alerted to add a permit if they own one, then eligible routes will be suggested for them based on that pass.Climate change \n",
      "information\n",
      "We’re making it easier for people to find climate change \n",
      "information. When people search for    “climate change”    \n",
      "in certain languages, they’ll see information panels and visuals on the causes and effects of climate change, and individual actions they can take to live more sustainably, provided by authoritative sources  like the United Nations .\n",
      "We’re also engaging with individuals on climate and other environmental topics via YouTube . On Earth Day 2022,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 62: Document ID: 119 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Measuring our carbon \n",
      "footprint\n",
      "Reducing carbon emissionsAdvancing carbon-free energyManaging residual emissions\n",
      "The journey ahead\n",
      "Our ambition\n",
      "The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel \n",
      "on Climate Change is unequivocal: climate change is an urgent threat to human well-being and the health of the planet.\n",
      " 66 \n",
      "While the last several years have seen significant progress in mobilizing the global community to take more ambitious climate action, the world isn’t on track to meet the targets established by the Paris Agreement to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C.\n",
      " 67 \n",
      "At Google, we’re working to accelerate the transition to a \n",
      "carbon-free future. We know that our responsibility begins with our own carbon footprint, which is why we’ve taken significant steps over the past two decades to minimize our own emissions. In 2021, we set our most ambitious goal yet: to achieve net-zero emissions  across all of our operations\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 63: Document ID: 242 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "41% of the plastic used in products manufactured in  2022 was recycled content\n",
      " 124\n",
      "DETAILS\n",
      "Year set: 2020    |    Base year: N/A   |    Target year: 2025\n",
      "Scope: Includes the minimum percentage of recycled or renewable plastic content calculated as a percentage of total plastic (by weight) in Google’s consumer hardware portfolio for products manufactured in a given year.\n",
      " 125 \n",
      "Since the launch of our first hardware products, we’ve worked to improve the sustainability of how we make our products and the services we create around them.   63\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Sustainable packaging\n",
      "Product packaging typically contains many materials—\n",
      "like the plastic film materials you often see on electronic packages—which can be difficult to recycle. \n",
      "That’s why we’re committed to eliminating plastic from \n",
      "our hardware product packaging by 2025. By focusing on fiber-based materials , we’re enabling consumers to\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 64: Document ID: 150 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "sustainability, and we’re partnering with them to develop decarbonization roadmaps and build essential data infrastructure to accurately quantify emissions and reductions across the value chain.\n",
      "We engage with our suppliers—including hardware \n",
      "manufacturing and indirect services suppliers—to help reduce their energy consumption and GHG emissions, as stated in our Supplier Code of Conduct , which all \n",
      "suppliers are required to sign. We assess suppliers’ practices to report, manage, and reduce their emissions and incorporate this into our supplier scorecard.\n",
      "Reporting  \n",
      "environmental data\n",
      "We expect all our suppliers to report environmental data,\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 65: Document ID: 298 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Risk management\n",
      "Our Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) team is responsible \n",
      "for identifying, assessing, and reporting risks related to the company’s operations, financial performance, and reputation. As with financial, operational, and strategic risks, the team assesses environmental risks as part of the company’s overall risk management framework. The risks and opportunities identified through this process support public disclosures and inform Google’s environmental sustainability strategy. Our Chief Sustainability Officer and sustainability teams work to address risks by identifying opportunities to reduce the company’s environmental impacts from its operations and value chain, and through improving climate resilience. \n",
      "Climate-related \n",
      "risks\n",
      "Climate-related risks and opportunities have long time\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 66: Document ID: 276 source: dense\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "and nature\n",
      "We invest for the long term, so we want to care for the \n",
      "environments and communities where we operate. We engage with local communities and leading programming that extends the benefits of nature to all. For example, in partnership with the Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society, the City of Mountain View, and other organizations, Google hosts “Egret Office Hours” at the Shorebird Way rookery  so the public can safely see \n",
      "moments throughout the egret breeding cycle. \n",
      "As another example, we created the Green Loop, a \n",
      "publicly accessible pedestrian and cycling trail connecting some of our buildings in Mountain View . The Green Loop \n",
      "was designed with native vegetation to enhance habitats for pollinators and other wildlife (including nearly 100 native trees), as well as to help manage stormwater.\n",
      "We ensure that Googlers  have access to the benefits \n",
      "of high-quality biodiverse nature through incorporating\n",
      "\n",
      "Document 67: Document ID: 127 source: sparse\n",
      "Content:\n",
      "Our approach\n",
      "Our core business involves using data to solve hard problems, and our unique strength is combining engineering skills with an innovative mindset and a global reach.\n",
      "There are three main focus areas that make up our approach to our net-zero goal: reducing emissions across our operations and value chain, advancing carbon-free energy, and addressing our residual emissions with carbon removals (see Figure 10).\n",
      "FIGURE 10 Our net-zero approach\n",
      "Carbon reduction\n",
      "Reduce emissions across our \n",
      "operations and value chainCarbon-free energy\n",
      "Advance carbon-free energy across \n",
      "our operations and value chain Carbon removals\n",
      "Address our residual emissions  \n",
      "with carbon removals   35\n",
      "2023 Environmental Report  Measuring our carbon footprint\n",
      "We began calculating our annual carbon footprint in 2006. \n",
      "Every year since 2009, we’ve publicly reported the results to CDP , a global organization that asks companies to \n",
      "disclose information on their GHG emissions performance and management.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Pass user query\n",
    "result = rag_chain_with_source.invoke(user_query)\n",
    "retrieved_docs = result['context']\n",
    "print(f\"Original Question: {user_query}\\n\")\n",
    "print(f\"Relevance Score: {result['answer']['relevance_score']}\\n\")\n",
    "print(f\"Final Answer:\\n{result['answer']['final_answer']}\\n\\n\")\n",
    "print(\"Retrieved Documents:\")\n",
    "for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs, start=1):\n",
    "    print(f\"Document {i}: Document ID: {doc.metadata['id']} source: {doc.metadata['search_source']}\")\n",
    "    print(f\"Content:\\n{doc.page_content}\\n\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "2c8056c8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/markdown": [
       "Google has implemented a wide range of environmental initiatives aimed at improving sustainability and reducing its environmental impact. Here are some key initiatives based on the provided context:\n",
       "\n",
       "1. **Campus and Habitat Restoration**:\n",
       "   - Google has created and restored more than 40 acres of habitat on its campuses and surrounding urban landscapes, primarily in the Bay Area. This includes planting roughly 4,000 native trees and restoring ecosystems like oak woodlands, willow groves, and wetland habitats.\n",
       "\n",
       "2. **Carbon-Free Energy**:\n",
       "   - Google is working towards achieving net-zero emissions and 24/7 carbon-free energy (CFE) by 2030. This involves clean energy procurement, technology innovation, and policy advocacy. They have also launched a policy roadmap for 24/7 CFE and are advocating for strong public policies to decarbonize electricity grids worldwide.\n",
       "\n",
       "3. **Water Stewardship**:\n",
       "   - Google invests in restoration projects to build ecological resilience and improve watershed health. They have partnered with organizations like the San Francisco Estuary Institute to create frameworks for shoreline resilience and support projects in places like the San Francisco Bay and Chile’s Maipo Basin.\n",
       "\n",
       "4. **Circular Economy**:\n",
       "   - Google aims to maximize the reuse of finite resources across its operations, products, and supply chains. They have set goals to eliminate plastic from hardware product packaging by 2025 and to use recycled materials in their products. For example, 41% of the plastic used in products manufactured in 2022 was recycled content.\n",
       "\n",
       "5. **Sustainable Technology and Tools**:\n",
       "   - Google Earth Engine, a platform for planetary-scale environmental monitoring, has been expanded for commercial use. They also provide tools like the Environmental Insights Explorer and Data Commons to help cities and regions reduce global emissions.\n",
       "\n",
       "6. **AI for Sustainability**:\n",
       "   - Google uses AI to help tackle climate change by providing better information, operational optimization, and improved prediction and forecasting. They have also developed AI-powered tools to support sustainable agriculture and other environmental applications.\n",
       "\n",
       "7. **Public Policy and Advocacy**:\n",
       "   - Google engages in policy advocacy to support sustainability measures, such as enhanced climate-related disclosures and repairable and sustainable devices. They have also partnered with various organizations to promote environmental justice and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\n",
       "\n",
       "8. **Community and Nature Engagement**:\n",
       "   - Google invests in local communities and nature, creating public spaces like the Green Loop in Mountain View and hosting educational events like “Egret Office Hours” to engage the public in environmental conservation.\n",
       "\n",
       "These initiatives reflect Google’s comprehensive approach to sustainability, focusing on reducing its own environmental impact while also empowering others to take action through technology and collaboration."
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import Markdown, display\n",
    "markdown_text = result['answer']['final_answer']\n",
    "display(Markdown(markdown_text))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ca123ca3-49ec-4bae-90b3-95242a230d62",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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